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The Maker ABC project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its content and material reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Project code: 2021-2-RO01-KA210-ADU-000051270
Generic Definition:
The Z-axis is the third axis of a three-dimensional coordinate system, also known as the vertical axis. It is perpendicular to the X-axis and Y-axis and measures height or depth. In manufacturing, the Z-axis is commonly used in 3D printing, CNC machining, and other types of automated production equipment to control the vertical movement of a tool or workpiece.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
In entrepreneurship, the Z-axis is often used to represent the scalability or growth potential of a business. It represents the potential for growth in terms of size, revenue, and market share.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, the z-axis typically refers to the vertical axis of a three-dimensional object, while the x-axis and y-axis refer to the horizontal axes. The x, y, and z-axes are used to determine the position and movement of a tool or material within a 3D printing or CNC milling machine. Understanding the relationship between these axes is crucial for accurately designing and manufacturing objects using digital fabrication technologies.
Generic Definition:
FLOSS stands for “Free/Libre and Open Source Software.” It is a term used to describe software that is both free to use and modify, and whose source code is open and available for others to study, modify, and distribute.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
FLOSS is closely related to entrepreneurship in the Maker world, particularly in the context of small-scale manufacturing and product development, by providing Makers with access to low-cost, customizable software tools and resources.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, FLOSS is often used as a tool for creating and sharing projects, as well as for developing software to control various Maker tools and equipment. Many Maker communities encourage the use of FLOSS to ensure that projects and tools are accessible to as many people as possible, regardless of their financial means.
Generic Definition:
Education is the process of giving or receiving knowledge in order to promote learning, and may be carried out in formal, informal, and non-formal settings. It can refer to the theory and practice of teaching, or the body of knowledge acquired by the learner. It may also refer to a more general set of information about a topic or training in a specific subject, as well as any enlightening experience that promotes growth and learning.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Education is important to Maker-entrepreneurs, as both formal and non-formal education contributes to the skills and knowledge Makers need to produce their crafts and products. Here it is important to highlight the contributions of non-formal education, since many Makers learn on their own, from other Makers (one-on-one), or as part of a Maker community, sharing ideas and tips for improving and innovating their products.
In terms of community:
Education in terms of the Maker community involves a hands-on, experiential, and collaborative approach to learning that emphasizes creativity, innovation, and problem-solving. It recognizes the importance of providing students with opportunities to learn through making and experimentation and can have a range of benefits for both students and the wider society.
Generic Definition:
ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system-on-a-chip microcontrollers developed by Espressif Systems. These chips also provide Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth connectivity with embedded devices. While ESP32 is technically just the chip, modules and development boards that contain this chip are often also referred to as “ESP32” by the manufacturer. The ESP32 is most commonly engineered for mobile devices, wearable tech, and IoT applications, though it can be used in a number of different production systems and its capabilities and resources have grown extensively since it was first produced.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
ESP32 in terms of entrepreneurship represents the capacity for Makers to include the microcontroller chip in products and projects that are innovative and highly attractive in our contemporary society. As a result, things like innovations in mobile device and wearable tech represent new opportunities for Maker-entrepreneurs.
In terms of community:
ESP32 in terms of community represents a vibrant and active community of Makers, hobbyists, developers, and enthusiasts who are working together to create innovative and exciting projects using this versatile microcontroller. The community’s focus on collaboration, open-source principles, and knowledge sharing has helped to drive innovation and push the boundaries of what is possible in the world of electronics and IoT.
Generic Definition:
1. practical contact with and observation of facts or events.
2.the knowledge or skill acquired by a period of practical experience of something, especially that gained in a particular profession.
3. an event or occurrence which leaves an impression on someone.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
The making of a project/object/business is a journey filled with creativity, challenges, and fulfillment. For entrepreneurs, every step of the process, from ideation to product realization, is a transformative experience and learning opportunity that shapes their identity and brand.
Experience as a way of being part of the process is also a selling point for makers (see craftsman), as the story behind the object they are creating is as important sometimes as the object itself.
In terms of community:
The concept of experience in the Maker community refers to the idea that Makers engage in hands-on, experiential learning by creating physical objects or prototypes. This approach emphasizes learning through doing and encourages Makers to experiment with materials and techniques to develop new skills and knowledge. The experience of making also fosters creativity, problem-solving, and collaboration among members of the Maker community. By sharing their experiences and insights, Makers can inspire and support each other, while also advancing the overall goals of the community, such as innovation, sustainability, and social impact. The focus on experience in the Maker community is often linked to the broader movement of experiential learning and is seen as a way to promote more engaging and effective forms of education and training.
Generic Definition:
the branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and microchips, and with the behaviour and movement of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
From wearable tech to home automation and IoT devices, the applications of electronics in the maker world are vast. Entrepreneurs leverage their technical expertise and creativity to develop solutions that address real-world challenges and consumer needs.
However, electronics entrepreneurship also poses challenges. Technical complexities, regulatory compliance, and supply chain management require careful consideration. Ensuring product safety and cybersecurity is paramount.
In terms of community:
Using electronics in the Maker community involves designing, prototyping, and building electronic devices, circuits, and systems. This can range from simple projects like LED lighting and sensors to more complex ones like drones, robots, and interactive installations. The Maker community often uses open-source hardware and software platforms like Arduino and Raspberry Pi to develop and program electronic projects, and may also utilize 3D printing and laser cutting to fabricate custom enclosures and parts. Collaboration and knowledge-sharing are important values in the Maker community, and members often share their designs and code online, fostering a culture of open innovation and creativity.
Generic Definition:
The art or pastime of embroidering cloth.
Embroidering – decorate (cloth) by sewing patterns on it with thread.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Similar to carpentry, embroidery is one of those fields of making that has been revolutionised in the modern world. As one of the oldest crafts, embroidery links us so strongly to the past and tradition.
Yet, making is all about mixing the old with the new so there are a lot of makers that use embroidery in contemporary ways.
Here are a few examples:
Cosânzeana – https://cosanzeana.ro/ is a social business that creates embroidery kits on wood
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, embroidery is often seen as a creative and expressive art form that can be used to personalize clothing, accessories, and other fabric-based projects. Many Makers use embroidery to add unique designs and details to their handmade creations, and there are a wide variety of embroidery techniques and styles that can be explored. Some Makers also use embroidery as a form of activism, creating designs that promote social justice causes or raise awareness about important issues.
Generic Definition:
1. the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures.
a field of study or activity concerned with modification or development in a particular area.
“software engineering”
2. the action of working artfully to bring something about.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Maker entrepreneurs with engineering expertise have a distinct advantage, as engineering encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, electrical, software, and even biomedical engineering. Entrepreneurs with engineering backgrounds possess the technical acumen to design and optimize complex systems, they understand the equipment quickly and sometimes even serve as tech support for the community which in some makerspaces comes with perks like lower subscriptions.
Engineering entrepreneurs leverage their knowledge of CAD software, simulation tools, and rapid prototyping techniques and apply them in their business making it fairly easy to make the transition to self employment.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, engineering refers to the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and develop innovative products, systems, and structures. Makers who have an engineering background often use their expertise to create prototypes and solve technical problems. They may work on projects ranging from simple DIY electronics to complex machines, and they often collaborate with other Makers to share knowledge and resources. Additionally, many engineering-focused Makers participate in events and competitions that challenge them to create innovative and practical solutions to real-world problems.
Generic Definition:
In general, a facility refers to a place, building, or installation that is designed to serve a particular function or purpose. This may include buildings such as factories, offices, hospitals, schools, or warehouses, or other types of installations such as power plants, stadiums, or transportation hubs. Facilities can be designed for a wide range of uses, and can range in scale from small, single-room structures to large, multi-building complexes.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Maker spaces, fab labs, and workshops offer a wide range of tools, equipment, and expertise that may be otherwise inaccessible to individual entrepreneurs.
These facilities provide a collaborative and supportive environment for makers to experiment, prototype, and refine their ideas. From 3D printers and laser cutters to CNC machines and electronics workstations, these spaces offer cutting-edge technologies that expedite the product development process.
For entrepreneurs with limited resources, access to these facilities reduces the barrier to entry and fosters a culture of innovation. Entrepreneurs can experiment with different materials and techniques, refine their designs, and iterate rapidly without significant upfront costs.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, a facility is a physical space that is designed, equipped, and dedicated to supporting Makers in their creative endeavors. These facilities can take many forms, such as makerspaces, fab labs, or coworking spaces, and are often equipped with a variety of tools and resources, including 3D printers, laser cutters, and woodworking equipment. They provide a place for Makers to collaborate, share ideas, and access tools and expertise they may not have otherwise. Facilities can also serve as a hub for community events, classes, and workshops, further supporting the development of skills and knowledge within the Maker community.
Generic Definition:
The movable articles that are used to make a room or building suitable for living or working in, such as tables, chairs, or desks.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
In terms of entrepreneurship, furniture is a business opportunity for many makers, as personalized, original pieces are very saut after. See carpentry
In terms of building a makerspace as a business, from the perspective of Nod Makerspace, furniture is best to be custom made to suit the space and the needs for safety, storage, and efficiency.
In terms of community:
Furniture in the Maker community can refer to the various pieces of furniture that Makers can create using a range of techniques and tools. These can include chairs, tables, bookshelves, cabinets, and more. Makers often take a unique approach to furniture design, creating custom pieces that are tailored to their specific needs and preferences. They may use a variety of materials such as wood, metal, plastic, or even recycled materials to create their furniture. Additionally, Makers may incorporate digital fabrication tools such as CNC machines or laser cutters to create intricate designs and shapes in their furniture.
Generic Definition:
A popular or the latest style of clothing, hair, decoration, or behaviour.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
The maker world provides fashion entrepreneurs with the freedom to explore diverse styles and materials, enabling them to craft one-of-a-kind pieces that resonate with a growing segment of consumers seeking individuality and ethical fashion choices.
What makes maker fashion different is that it adheres to the makers principles of crafting things with purpose and with curiosity. When it comes to efficiency in the fashion industry, it’s hard to have a business that will reach as high as big fashion brands but rather cater to a devoted number of clients that want what you can specifically offer.
See sustainability
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, fashion typically refers to the design and creation of clothing, accessories, and wearable technology using a variety of materials and techniques. Makers interested in fashion often combine traditional sewing and textile techniques with new technologies such as 3D printing, electronics, and smart textiles to create unique and innovative fashion designs.
Generic Definition:
A fab lab (fabrication laboratory) is a small-scale workshop offering (personal) digital fabrication
FabLab, short for Fabrication Laboratory, is a cornerstone of the maker world from an entrepreneurship perspective. FabLabs are community-oriented spaces equipped with a wide range of digital fabrication tools and technologies, including 3D printers, laser cutters, CNC machines, and electronics workstations. They provide a supportive environment for entrepreneurs to turn their ideas into physical prototypes and products.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
From an entrepreneurship perspective, FabLabs offer several significant advantages. First, they democratize access to advanced manufacturing tools, reducing the initial investment required for entrepreneurs to prototype and test their ideas. This lowers the barrier to entry and enables individuals with innovative concepts to bring them to life without the need for expensive equipment or facilities.
FabLabs also foster a collaborative and knowledge-sharing culture. Entrepreneurs can interact with like-minded individuals, designers, engineers, and experts from various fields. This network provides valuable feedback, mentorship, and potential partnerships, enhancing the quality and commercial viability of their projects.
We see this first hand at Nod Makerspace and we also realize that makers sometimes need a push in order to make it as an entrepreneur. Therefore, we try to create an ecosystem for them to thrive in, complete with business incubator programms, scholarships and accelerator programs. Also having a good onboarding programme helps new makers learn how to work with new equipment with confidence (this process can be monetised)
In terms of community:
The goal of FabLabs is to democratize access to tools and technologies, allowing people from all backgrounds to bring their ideas to life and engage in hands-on learning and innovation.
FabLabs are often associated with the Maker movement, and many are part of a global network of FabLabs that share resources, knowledge, and best practices. FabLabs can be found in a variety of settings, including universities, libraries, community centers, and dedicated Maker spaces.
Generic Definition:
A slender threadlike object or fibre, especially one found in animal or plant structures.
3D printing filament is the thermoplastic feedstock for fused deposition modeling 3D printers
In terms of entrepreneurship:
3D printing filaments, which come in various materials such as PLA, ABS, PETG, and more, offer distinct properties, enabling entrepreneurs to create functional prototypes, customized products, and even end-use parts.
From an environmental standpoint, some entrepreneurs focus on sustainable filaments made from recycled or bio-based materials. This aligns with the growing demand for eco-friendly products and positions their businesses as environmentally conscious.
For entrepreneurs looking to supply 3D printing filaments, the market offers opportunities for product differentiation. They can offer specialized filaments with unique properties, colors, and finishes, catering to specific customer needs and preferences.
However, competition in the 3D printing filament market is intensifying as more players enter the space. Entrepreneurs must continuously innovate, focus on quality control, and offer excellent customer service to stand out in the crowded market.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, “filament” generally refers to the material used in 3D printing. Filament is a thin, flexible material that is fed into a 3D printer, which then melts the material and extrudes it through a nozzle to create a 3D object layer by layer. Filament can be made of various materials, including PLA, ABS, PETG, nylon, and more, each with different properties such as strength, flexibility, durability, and temperature resistance. Filament is an essential component of the 3D printing process and plays a crucial role in determining the quality, strength, and overall performance of the printed object.
Generic Definition:
The free-culture movement is a social movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify the creative works of others in the form of free content or open content without compensation to, or the consent of, the work’s original creators, by using the Internet and other forms of media.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
In an ideal world, free culture in the maker world offers significant advantages for entrepreneurs who embrace openness, collaboration, and knowledge-sharing. It democratizes access to resources, fosters a collaborative community, and enables entrepreneurs to build meaningful businesses while contributing to the greater open-source ecosystem.
However, free culture also presents challenges for entrepreneurship. Monetizing free creations can be a delicate balance, as entrepreneurs must find alternative revenue streams, such as providing premium services, consulting, or physical products.
In terms of community:
The Maker community also values the concept of “free culture,” which refers to the idea that creative works should be freely available for others to use, build upon, and share. This can include everything from open-access scientific research to creative commons-licensed music and art.
Generic Definition:
Foam is a material that is typically made from plastic or rubber polymers that have been expanded and formed into a spongy, lightweight structure. Foam can be manufactured in a wide range of densities, hardnesses, and shapes, making it a versatile material with a wide range of applications.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Foam material is a versatile and accessible resource for entrepreneurs in the Maker world. By leveraging foam’s unique properties and capabilities, Makers can create innovative products, educate the next generation of innovators, and contribute to a more sustainable future.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, foam is often used as a material for creating various projects, such as cosplay costumes, props, and set designs. Foam is popular because it is lightweight, easy to cut and shape, and can be painted or coated with other materials to achieve a desired texture or finish. Foam can be cut with tools such as a hot wire cutter or a utility knife, and can be shaped using heat or pressure.
Generic Definition:
An ecosystem is a community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each other in a specific environment. An ecosystem can also refer to the balance between differing individuals and processes in a more abstract sense, such as the ecosystem comprising the Maker world (very large-scale) or the ecosystem of a specific makerspace or community (smaller scale).
In terms of entrepreneurship:
The essence of an entrepreneurial ecosystem is its people and the culture of trust and collaboration that allows them to interact successfully. An ecosystem that allows for the fast flow of talent, information, and resources helps entrepreneurs quickly find what they need at each stage of growth. This people-based component includes the human capital of an entrepreneurial ecosystem, e.g., mentorship, leadership, and supportive services, which are provided by incubators and are essential for incubated startups to grow. Apart from its people, entreprenurial ecosystems (both in the Maker world and outside of it) also generally need technology, capital, and infrastructure as their main pillars to thrive.
In terms of community:
Ecosystem in terms of community involves a holistic and integrated approach to community development that recognizes the interdependence of ecological, social, and economic factors. It emphasizes the importance of creating a balanced and sustainable system that promotes the health and well-being of community members, supports economic growth, and fosters social cohesion and community engagement.
Generic Definition:
FabCity is a global initiative that aims to create self-sufficient cities that can produce everything they need using digital fabrication tools and processes. The initiative brings together cities, companies, universities, and communities to build resilient, sustainable, and innovative cities.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Fab City provides Makers with access to a wide range of resources, including tools, materials, and expertise. This can be especially valuable for entrepreneurs who are just starting out and may not have the resources to invest in their own manufacturing infrastructure.
In terms of community:
In the context of the Maker community, FabCity represents a vision for the future where makerspaces and other digital fabrication facilities are an integral part of urban infrastructure, empowering citizens to become active Makers and creators of their own goods and services. FabCity encourages the development of local supply chains and circular economies, as well as the use of open-source hardware and software to promote collaboration and knowledge-sharing among Makers and communities.
Generic Definition:
FabCity is a global initiative that aims to create self-sufficient cities that can produce everything they need using digital fabrication tools and processes. The initiative brings together cities, companies, universities, and communities to build resilient, sustainable, and innovative cities.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Fab City provides Makers with access to a wide range of resources, including tools, materials, and expertise. This can be especially valuable for entrepreneurs who are just starting out and may not have the resources to invest in their own manufacturing infrastructure.
In terms of community:
In the context of the Maker community, FabCity represents a vision for the future where makerspaces and other digital fabrication facilities are an integral part of urban infrastructure, empowering citizens to become active Makers and creators of their own goods and services. FabCity encourages the development of local supply chains and circular economies, as well as the use of open-source hardware and software to promote collaboration and knowledge-sharing among Makers and communities.
Generic Definition:
G-code is a programming language used to control computerized machine tools such as 3D printers, CNC mills, and laser cutters. G-code consists of a series of commands that tell the machine how to move, what path to follow, and how fast to move.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
G-code is related to entrepreneurship in the Maker world as it plays an important role in the manufacturing process for many Maker-created products. G-code is a programming language used to control CNC (computer numerical control) machines, which are used in manufacturing to automate the process of cutting, drilling, and shaping materials.
In terms of community:
G-code is used to create precise and complex shapes and structures with high accuracy. In the Maker community, G-code is often used to program 3D printers that can be used by all members of the makerspace or Maker community to create prototypes and finished products.
Generic Definition:
Gloves are an essential tool for Makers for promoting safety and protecting against potential hazards in the manufacturing process, while also providing the necessary dexterity and grip to work effectively with small parts and delicate materials.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
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In terms of community:
In the Maker community, gloves are often used as a form of personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent injury or contamination during various types of making activities. Depending on the specific task, different types of gloves may be used, such as latex, nitrile, or vinyl gloves for handling chemicals or food, cut-resistant gloves for working with sharp tools, or heat-resistant gloves for working with hot materials or tools.
Generic Definition:
Gogglesare an essential tool for makers for promoting safety and protecting against potential hazards in the manufacturing process, while also providing the necessary visibility and clarity to work effectively with small parts and detailed materials.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
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In terms of community:
In the Maker community, goggles usually refer to protective eyewear that is used when working with tools and materials that may cause eye injury. Safety goggles are an essential part of personal protective equipment (PPE) in many makerspaces and workshops.
Generic Definition:
In the context of a makerspace, the verb to “give” typically refers to the act of contributing one’s skills, knowledge, and resources to the community in order to support the growth and development of others.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Maker giving and entrepreneurship intersect through their shared values of innovation, problem-solving, and impact creation. Entrepreneurs who embrace the principles of making and incorporate giving into their ventures can develop purpose-driven businesses, collaborate with others, and drive positive change in society.
In terms of community:
In the context of the Maker community, “give” can refer to the act of sharing knowledge, skills, and resources with others in the community without expecting anything in return. This is often done through workshops, mentorship programs, and online forums where Makers can share their experiences and help others learn and grow in their craft. Giving can also refer to the act of contributing to open-source projects or collaborating with others on community-based projects. The Maker community places a high value on the idea of giving back and supporting others to foster a culture of collaboration and innovation.
Generic Definition:
A handicraft is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by one’s own hands or by using only simple, non-automated tools like scissors, carving implements, or hooks. It is also a traditional main sector of craft making and applies to a wide range of creative and design activities related to making things with one’s hands and skills, including work done with textiles, moldable and rigid materials, paper, plant fibers, clay, etc.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Many Makers who sell their products engage in making things that could be considered handicrafts, though what sets them apart is that they often merge what could be considered traditional or artisianal values, processes or techniques with new elements (including technological elements) to make new or updated versions of handicraft products.
In terms of community:
Handicraft has its roots in the rural crafts of ancient civilizations (including material goods and necessities), and many specific crafts have been practiced and passed down for centuries, while others are modern inventions or popularizations of crafts which were originally practiced in a limited geographic or cultural area. Seen as developing the skills and creative interests of students, generally and sometimes towards a particular craft or trade, handicrafts are often integrated into educational systems, both informally and formally. Most crafts require the development of skill and the application of patience but can be learned by virtually anyone.
Generic Definition:
The concept of heritage refers to valued objects and qualities (both tangible and intangible), such as historic buildings and cultural traditions, that have been passed down from previous generations. It may denote things of special architectural, historical, cultural, or natural value that are preserved for the nation and future generations. In the context of making, it may also denote a traditional brand or product regarded as emblematic of fine craftsmanship.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Heritage can play a large role in Maker entrepreneurship, not only in the products produced, but also in the ways Maker-entrepreneurs organise their businesses, communicate with their clients/ customers, and conceive of new products or projects. This necessarily varies depending on the geographic area, sociocultural traditions, languages, and natural landscapes of each Maker, among other variables.
In terms of community:
Heritage in terms of Maker community refers to the practice of preserving and promoting traditional crafts, skills, and techniques through the use of modern technology and the principles of the Maker movement. It involves a commitment to preserving cultural heritage and promoting sustainability by empowering communities to create and innovate using traditional materials and techniques.
Generic Definition:
A hot glue gun is a gun-shaped tool with a heating element, used to apply hot melt adhesives, such as silicone, to fix one object to another. First produced in the 1940s, hot melts—thermoplastics in the shape of tubular sticks—were created as an improvement to water-based adhesives that weaken when exposed to humidity.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Hot glue guns are used by some Makers in the production of their products for sale, including (but not limited to) many kinds of handicrafts, arts & crafts pieces, and items made of wood, plastic, metal, electronics, or textiles/ fabrics. This type of adhesive is quite versatile, cheap, and easy to use, which makes it a common adhesive item in many fields.
In terms of community:
A hot glue gun is a tool commonly used in the Maker community for various projects, especially for those involving arts and crafts, DIY, and prototyping.
In the Maker community, hot glue guns are often used for their versatility and convenience. They can be used to bond a wide range of materials, such as wood, plastic, metal, and fabric, making them a useful tool for a variety of projects.
Generic Definition:
Heat is the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to another, or from an energy source to a medium or object. Such energy transfer can occur in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection. In the Maker world, heat is used to combine materials (such as in welding, melting the silicone in a hot glue gun, or finishing pottery in a kiln, for instance).
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Heat is a key element of Maker production in many areas, and therefore is central to many Maker-entrepreneurs’ activities. For example, many Makers work with metal, ceramics, and other materials that need heat to mold and finish their products properly.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, heat can refer to the use of heat-based tools and techniques in the creation of various projects. Some common examples of heat-based tools and techniques used in the Maker community include:
soldering irons, hot glue guns, hot wire cutters, kilns, and ovens.
Generic Definition:
In a general sense, industry is the common term for economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and the manufacture of goods in factories. When we refer to a particular industry, this denotes a group of manufacturers or businesses that produce a particular kind of goods or services, or it may also be used to refer to a specific type of business.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Industry plays a part in the Maker world because it is the root of where many of the materials and tools used by Makers come from. Entrepreneurial Makers in particular often participate in varied industries, such as manufacturing, technology, the creative and cultural industries, etc.
When it comes to entreprenourship, makers are at the extremes of industry, sometimes pushing it forward with experimental techniques, at others using low entry, DIY equipment for production. Either way, the close the loop.
In terms of community:
The Maker community has also played a role in the development of new products and technologies. Makers often work on projects that are experimental or innovative, pushing the boundaries of what is possible and coming up with new ideas for products or services. Some of these projects have led to the development of new technologies, such as 3D printing or open-source software, that have the potential to transform industries and disrupt traditional business models.
Generic Definition:
Inclusion is the practice or policy of providing equal access to opportunities and resources for people who might otherwise be excluded or marginalized, such as those who have physical or intellectual disabilities and members of other minority groups (based on sex, gender, race/ethnicity, religion, etc.).
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Inclusion is the practice of creating an environment that welcomes and supports individuals from diverse backgrounds and experiences. Entrepreneurs who prioritize inclusion embrace a broad range of voices, perspectives, and talents, fostering a vibrant and innovative ecosystem.
Inclusion for an entrepreneur can mean designing gloves for small hands, tools that can be used by people with small hands, softer grips, less physical strength, shakey hands, etc.
Designing objects with inclusion in mind can mean making sure that the product can be used by people with mobility issues, limited sight and/or strength, and different ages. Designing inclusive objects will only grow the number of you possible clients.
In terms of community:
Inclusion is an important value for the Maker community to uphold, as it can help to create a more diverse and vibrant community that is capable of tackling some of the world’s biggest challenges. By creating an inclusive and welcoming environment, the Maker community can inspire people from all backgrounds to participate in making and help to create a better world for everyone.
Generic Definition:
An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software application that helps programmers develop software code efficiently. It increases developer productivity by combining capabilities such as software editing, building, testing, and packaging in an easy-to-use application. An IDE normally consists of at least a source code editor, build automation tools, and a debugger.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
IDEs are used by many Makers to develop different aspects of their businesses, as well as new technology-related products they can sell. They are useful especially because they allow Makers to develop code more efficiently, thus streamlining their creation processes, and can be used by Makers with various levels of familiarity with them.
In terms of community:
IDEs are an essential tool for Makers who are interested in programming microcontrollers or other embedded systems. By providing a comprehensive set of tools and simplifying the development process, IDEs can help to make programming more accessible to beginners and enable Makers to create more complex and sophisticated projects.
Generic Definition:
Environmentalism is a political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities; through the adoption of forms of political, economic, and social organization that are thought to be necessary for, or at least conducive to, the benign treatment of the environment by humans; and through a reassessment of humanity’s relationship with nature. In various ways, environmentalism claims that living things other than humans, and the natural environment as a whole, are deserving of consideration in reasoning about the morality of political, economic, and social policies.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Environmentalism is increasingly important in the Maker world, especially to Maker-entrepreneurs, who seek to carry out their activities and create their products in the most environmentally-friendly and sustainable way possible. This can be achieved by both individual Makers and communities of Makers who work together.
When starting a business while part of the maker community, efficiency, upcycling and collaboration are factors that positively affect the carbon footprint of an object. This, however, doas not mean that an object can have only a positive impact on the environment as long as we structure society around capitalist ideals and the government doas not put sustainable processes into law.
In terms of community:
Environmentalism in terms of community refers to a collective effort to protect and preserve the natural environment by promoting sustainable practices, reducing waste, and minimizing the impact of human activities on the planet. It involves bringing together community members, organizations, and stakeholders to work towards a common goal of protecting the environment.
Generic Definition:
Do-it-with-others (DIWO) is very similar to DIT (do-it-together) culture, with a focus on transforming the DIY (do-it-yourself) ethos into a collective, collaborative process. In a DIWO community, people take up different roles at the same time, including those of teacher, learner, experimenter, and collective researcher, as the foundation of collective learning. These roles are fluent and exchangeable, putting everyone on the same level. This empowers all contributors and shows everyone has something to share and can be part of the whole, which is greater than the sum of its parts.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Similarly to DIT culture, Makers who participate in the DIWO culture work even more to share their experiences with one another and also put themselves in a place where they can try to experience other types of roles, too. In terms of entrepreneurship, this creates Maker-entrepreneurs who are much more well-rounded and able to carry out many different parts of the process– design, creation, marketing, sales, etc.– in a fluid way. Sharing in this type of community also makes it easier to develop new ideas and prototypes, since everyone can contribute their expertise and also learn new skills that help their businesses. It can also lead to more creative and innovative ideas and solutions.
In terms of community:
DiWO involves a collaborative and participatory approach to community engagement and development that emphasizes co-creation, shared learning, and mutual support. It recognizes the importance of working together with others to achieve common goals and can have a range of benefits for both the community and the wider society.
Generic Definition:
Knitting is a method for the production of flexible textile fabrics by interlacing yarn loops with loops of the same or other yarns. It is used to create many types of garments, blankets, and other useful objects. Knitting may be done by hand or by machine. Like weaving, knitting is a technique for producing a two-dimensional fabric made from a one-dimensional yarn or thread.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Nowadays, knitting is becoming an attractive and popular form of making that has built quite a large community of Makers and entrepreneurs on social media (there is even the slang term “knitfluencer” for people who have bcome knitting influencers on Instagram!). Although it is usually a slow and detailed process of making, knitting provides opportunities for Makers to exercise their creative skills and produce hand-crafted items for sale. Many Makers also sell their knitting patterns as a way to showcase their creative skills and earn extra income from their craft, since hand-knit items can take a very long time to create and are one-time sales, while patterns also take a long time to create (including lots of trial and error), but can be sold endless times.
Automated or semioutomated entry level knotting machines are also becoming more accesible and, even though they cannot compete with mass production, they are often used to prototype, experiment and produce art.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, knitting is often seen as a form of DIY crafting that allows individuals to create unique and personalized items that reflect their individual style and creativity. Knitting patterns and tutorials are widely available online, and many Makers enjoy experimenting with different yarns, stitches, and techniques to create custom designs.
Generic Definition:
Carpentry is the craft of working with wood to create structures, furniture, and other objects. Carpentry skills involve the ability to measure, cut, join, and shape wood using hand and power tools, as well as an understanding of construction techniques and materials.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
As technology advances and consumer preferences shift towards authenticity and sustainability, carpentry has found a fertile ground for growth and innovation within the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the Maker Movement.
In the maker world, carpentry entrepreneurs are not limited to traditional woodworking techniques. They leverage modern tools like computer numerical control (CNC) machines and laser cutters, combining digital design with hands-on craftsmanship. This fusion of old-world skills and cutting-edge technology allows them to produce intricate, high-quality products with speed and precision. This inables them to move in the direction of sustainability and upcycling, building objects made with saved wood, scap wood, restoring old furniture or ikeahacking. The uniqueness and long lasting aspects of carpentry are a good selling point and a good business direction to go into (see custom design)
The international aspect of the maker worlds add to the abilities of a maker who takes up carpentry, as they can learn skills from other parts of the world and incorporate them in their design.
In terms of community:
Carpentry in the Maker community often involves the use of hand tools, such as saws, chisels, and planes, as well as power tools like drills, sanders, and routers. Makers may also use computer-aided design (CAD) software to plan and design their projects, and may incorporate other materials, such as metal or plastic, into their designs.
Carpentry is an important part of the Maker community because it allows Makers to create functional and aesthetically pleasing objects that are often unique and personalized.
Generic Definition:
Active learning is “a method of learning in which students are actively or experientially involved in the learning process”. There are different levels of active learning, depending on the degree of student involvement.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Active learning is a form of experiential learning that encourages collaboration and interaction within learning environments, which allows for a more meaningful understanding and application of new concepts. Within the context of entrepreneurship, it allows for the use of creativity and critical thinking skills to develop new business ideas, test them out in the real world, and learn from potential successes and setbacks. Through active learning, one can develop entrepreneurial skills such as problem-solving, market analysis, and risk assessment, which are essential for launching and managing a successful business. In a makerspace environment, makers often learn as they go, through the use of community and shared knowledge, or while watching others do/make.
In terms of community:
Active learning is a key component of the Maker community, as it involves hands-on, experiential learning that allows individuals to engage with and explore the world around them. Within the Maker community, active learning is often facilitated through project-based learning, where individuals work on practical projects that require them to engage with materials and tools in a hands-on way. One of the benefits of active learning in the Maker community is that it promotes creativity and innovation. By encouraging individuals to experiment and explore, active learning helps to foster a culture of problem-solving and out-of-the-box thinking. This approach to learning also helps individuals to develop important skills such as critical thinking, collaboration, and communication, which are essential for success both within and outside of the Maker community.
Generic Definition:
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while the software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacturing of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website, or through authorized distributors.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform suitable for many different types of entrepreneurship projects. Arduino boards have been used in projects such as automated home systems and even wearable technology bu also robotics and product design. Entrepreneurs can use Arduino for prototyping, to create interactive products, or even to create start-up businesses. It’s versatility and low cost make it an attractive platform for entrepreneurs with limited resources. Additionally, the large online community of Arduino users helps entrepreneurs get started quickly by providing resources, tutorials, and advice on Arduino applications.
In terms of community:
The ever-growing Arduino community is made up of everyone from hobbyists and students to designers and engineers all across the world. They develop open playgrounds for a collection of Arduino knowledge, tutorials, and tips provided by fellow Arduino users.
Generic Definition:
Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience that combines real world and computer-generated content. The content can span multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory. AR can be defined as a system that incorporates three basic features: a combination of real and virtual worlds, real-time interaction, and accurate 3D registration of virtual and real objects. The overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment), or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment). This experience is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment. In this way, augmented reality alters one’s ongoing perception of a real-world environment, whereas virtual reality completely replaces the user’s real-world environment with a simulated one.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
AR (Augmented Reality) is an advanced technology that has the potential to change the way entrepreneurs interact with customers, solve customer problems and provide a unique customer experience. It is, however both new and resource-heavy. We acknowledge its potential to create immersive experiences, allowing businesses to offer customers a more personalized, engaging experience through digital content such as 3D models and animations, as well as delivering real-time information and providing an interactive and engaging platform for customers. In contrast, we see entrepreneurs not putting it into practice because the implementation of this technology requires a specific set of skills and access to resources that cost too much at the moment. In time, this might change.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, AR is often used as a tool to enhance and augment the design and fabrication process. One application of AR in the Maker community is in the prototyping phase of a project. Using AR, makers can create virtual models of their designs and test them in a simulated environment before building a physical prototype. This can help to save time and resources by identifying potential design flaws or areas for improvement before the physical prototyping process begins. AR can also be used to enhance the fabrication process itself. For example, Makers can use AR to project digital templates onto physical materials, allowing them to accurately cut, drill, or shape the material to the desired specifications. This can help to improve accuracy and reduce waste in the fabrication process.
Generic Definition:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by non-human animals and humans. Examples of tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, and translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs. AI applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search), recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix), understanding human speech (such as Siri and Alexa), self-driving cars (e.g., Waymo), generative or creative tools (ChatGPT and AI art), automated decision-making, and competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go).
In terms of entrepreneurship:
AI (Artificial Intelligence) is increasingly being used in entrepreneurship to enhance decision-making, improve customer engagement, and increase efficiency. Entrepreneurs are using AI in various ways such as automating tasks, analyzing data, and providing personalized recommendations to customers. For instance, AI-powered chatbots can interact with customers, provide support and answer their queries in real-time, thus improving customer engagement. AI algorithms can also help entrepreneurs to identify patterns and insights from large volumes of data, enabling them to make informed decisions.
In terms of community:
One application of AI in the maker community is in the development of smart devices and systems. Makers can use AI to create devices that can learn and adapt to their environments, such as home automation systems that can automatically adjust lighting and temperature based on user preferences and occupancy patterns. Another application of AI in the Maker community is in the development of autonomous robots and drones. By using AI algorithms to control the behavior of these machines, Makers can create devices that can navigate and interact with their environment in new and innovative ways.
Generic Definition:
A printed circuit board (PCB; also printed wiring board or PWB) is a medium used in electrical and electronic engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Circuit boards are an important component of many modern entrepreneurial ventures, from advanced startups to small cottage industries. These circuit boards are used in many things, like wiring, robots, communication systems, art installations, DIY equipment, and more, and they are crucial to the successful operations of entrepreneurs. In the Maker world, boards are not a line of business in itself, but rather a way to learn and a tool for innovation in business ventures. Arduino boards are a very popular brand to use to start prototyping projects, but for final projects or series of products, custom boards are usually a better choice. Similar to Arduino, makeymakey, raspberry pi, and micro:bit are also popular brands amongst Makers.
In terms of community:
Printed circuit boards (PCBs), are a fundamental component in the Maker community. PCBs are used to create circuits that can be used to power electronic devices, ranging from simple LED flashlights to complex robots. PCB design and fabrication is an important skill in the Maker community, as it allows makers to create custom circuits that meet their specific needs. Makers can use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create circuit schematics, and then use PCB layout software to design the physical layout of the board.
Generic Definition:
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It is generally assumed to be a natural process, which differentiates it from composting. Composting is a human-driven process in which biodegradation occurs under a specific set of circumstances. The process of biodegradation is threefold: first an object undergoes biodeterioration, which is the mechanical weakening of its structure; then follows biofragmentation, which is the breakdown of materials by microorganisms; and finally assimilation, which is the incorporation of the old material into new cells. In practice, almost all chemical compounds and materials are subject to biodegradation, the key element being time. Things like vegetables may degrade within days, while glass and some plastics take many millennia to decompose. A standard for biodegradability used by the European Union is that greater than 90% of the original material must be converted into CO2, water and minerals by biological processes within 6 months.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
In the context of entrepreneurship, biodegradation can be used to assess and reduce environmental risks. For instance, biodegradable plastics and resins can be used as an alternative to their conventional, non-degradable counterparts. As we’re moving from the expectation that a thing, once made, needs to last a lifetime to shorter and shorter life cycles, the issue of what happens to the things we throw away comes up more and more often. One option is making as much as possible of the objects we produce biodegradable, and accepting the fact that they might just degrade before we’re ready to part with them. This may also mean making sure that the treatments applied to certain materials such as paper or wood assure their level of biodegradation and don’t stunt the process. Unfortunately, sometimes an antrepreneur has to choose between something making money and sustainability. This is perhaps a matter of perspective and will change as more and more businesses put sustainability on the same level as proffits.
In terms of community:
Makers are exploring various materials and techniques to create biodegradable products, including bioplastics made from natural materials like corn starch or cellulose, and biodegradable fabrics made from materials like bamboo or hemp. These materials can be used to create a wide range of products, from packaging and single-use items like cutlery and straws, to clothing and other textiles. In addition to creating biodegradable products, makers are also exploring ways to incorporate biodegradation into their production processes. For example, some Makers are experimenting with using natural dyes that can be easily broken down by microorganisms, reducing the environmental impact of dyeing fabrics.
Generic Definition:
Bioplastics are an innovative type of plastic made from renewable, natural materials or biomass sources such as corn starch, potato starch, cellulose, sugar cane, cassava, vegetable oil, and more. In the maker community, there is a growing interest in bioplastics, as they allow companies to move away from traditional petrochemical-based plastics to create more sustainable and environmentally-friendly products
In terms of entrepreneurship:
Entrepreneurs can capitalize on this emerging industry by developing products and businesses to market and distribute bioplastics. By offering bioplastic selections, businesses can help reduce the global environmental footprint of plastic while also providing the customer with an innovative product. Additionally, entrepreneurs can join forces with research and technology groups to innovate and create new bioplastics. A burgeoning market for bioplastics provides an opportunity for entrepreneurs to revolutionize the plastic industry and make a positive global impact.
In terms of community:
Makers are experimenting with various types of bioplastics, including PLA (polylactic acid), PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates), and PBS (polybutylene succinate). These bioplastics can be used to create a wide range of products, from packaging and single-use items like cutlery and straws, to 3D printing filaments and even car parts. One of the benefits of bioplastics is that they can be broken down by natural processes, unlike traditional plastics which can take hundreds of years to decompose. This makes bioplastics a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly option for products that are typically discarded after a single use.
Generic Definition:
A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with things in common such as place, norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities may also share a sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a country, village, town, or neighbourhood) or in virtual spaces through communication platforms. Durable relationships that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of community that is important to members’ identity, practice, and roles in social institutions, including elements of family, home, work, government, society, or humanity at large. Although communities are usually small relative to personal social ties, “community” may also refer to large group affiliations such as national communities, international communities, and virtual communities. The English-language word “community” derives from the Old French comuneté (Modern French: communauté), which comes from the Latin communitas “community”, “public spirit” (from Latin communis, “common”). Human communities may have intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, and risks in common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
The Maker community is an incredibly vibrant and creative gathering of entrepreneurs, Makers, and tinkerers who are driven to explore the potential of new technologies and ideas to create innovative products and services. At the heart of the community are makerspaces – shared, communal spaces where Makers have access to tools, equipment, software, and experts to help them make their projects and products a reality. Inside these spaces, Makers are able to connect, collaborate, and learn from one another while also gaining access to funding, mentorship, and other resources. For many, the Maker community is the perfect platform for entrepreneurship and startups – providing an invaluable outlet for new ideas and innovations. Nod Makerspace is perhaps an unusual experience due to its strong focus on entrepreneurship, where the majority of its members have a business and earn money from what they make. Besides the sharing of resources, collaboration between the members is one of the biggest pluses you get from joining such a community
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, “community” refers to a group of people who share a common interest in creating and making things, and who come together to share knowledge, resources, and support. The Maker community is known for its collaborative and inclusive nature, with members often working together on projects, sharing ideas, and providing feedback and support to one another. Makerspaces and other community-based organizations are often at the center of the Maker community, providing a physical space for Makers to gather, work on projects, and learn from one another.
Generic Definition:
Numerical control (also known as computer numerical control and thus commonly called CNC) is the automated control of machining tools (such as drills, lathes, mills, grinders, routers and 3D printers) by means of a computer. A CNC machine processes a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to meet specifications by following coded programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly controlling the machining operation.
In terms of entrepreneurship:
In Romania, CNC refers to CNC milling machines and not the general concept of Computer Numerical Control. CNC milling machines are very popular and afordable tools for Makers in the entrepreneurial world. Their ability to quickly and accurately cut and engrave parts can dramatically reduce the time-to-market of products and prototypes. Furthermore, the precision of CNC machining can ensure high repeatability and minimal trial-and-error associated with traditional handcrafting manufacturing processes. Although it is a basic type of machinery, it is widely spread throughout makerspaces and they really do make it quicker to go from idea to quick prototypes and iterations of products, meaning ideas can be tested and realized faster. Low cost and low maintenance are also pluses for this equipment. It does, however howl like a rabid animal and make a mess, so consider having a separate room for it, which might raise your space requirements.
In terms of community:
In the Maker community, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines are often used to automate and streamline the process of creating precise and intricate designs. CNC machines can be used to cut, shape, and carve a wide variety of materials, from wood and plastics to metals and composites. CNC machines are particularly popular in the field of digital fabrication, allowing makers to create complex and intricate designs that would be difficult or impossible to achieve by hand. They are also widely used in prototyping and product development, allowing makers to quickly create and test multiple iterations of a design.
